The present work was aimed at assessing the genetic diversity of 42 local cultivars and oleaster genotypes from the area of Bejaia in Algeria. Fifteen highly polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat markers were evaluated and proved to be very informative, producing a total number of 160 alleles with an average value of 10.7 per locus; the SSRs DCA09 and DCA16 were the most informative, distinguishing 17 and 19 genotypes, respectively. Phylogenetic and population structure analysis split the accessions in two main groups corresponding to most of oleasters and most of traditional varieties, respectively. Interestingly, ten traditional varieties resulted strictly related to the oleasters, indicating hybridization between the two botanical varieties. Genetic parameters and private alleles of groups confirmed this observation and indicated a wide genetic variability in Algerian olive germplasm. The results suggest the need to preserve and characterize this germplasm in order to limit the risk of losing potential important genetic traits present in the crop wild relatives.
